; TeX output 1997.11.05:0828f4ff~L/K`yff cmdunh10NewYorkJournalofMathematicsffQऄff2 5html:|{Ycmr8NewXYJorkJ.Math. html: 8html:2@cmbx83A html:(1997)1{.!ffw#Nff cmbx12ThreeffResultsonMixingShaps3es 3html:%N cmbx12T.Ward2 html:pZfcmcsc8Abstract.ֹLet|2cmmi8 b\Iޑisamixingshapamixingshapefor "aretrivialZonesXforwhicÎhIu*containsatranslateofJ[.fIfallshapdoesnotprecluderigiditÎyJ.fFinallyJ,nXwÎeshowthatmixingofallordersincones|aprop html: &- cmcsc10Contents K`y cmr101. html:IntroGduction html:x1 2. html:ProGofsUUofTheoremshtml:1.1  html:andhtml:1.2 html: html:3 3. html:ProGofUUofTheoremhtml:1.3  html: html:j6 4. html:Remarks html:9 html:References html:(9html: html:$XQ cmr121.Intro`ductionhtml: html: Let. b> cmmi10 ¨bGeameasure-preservingactionof, msbm10Z^ 0ercmmi7d bonastandardprobabilityspace(X:; !", cmsy10BM۵;)o(d2).GIfX8bisacompactmetrizableabGeliangroup,v isHaarmeasure,and6each )f$cmbx7nrRisagroupautomorphism,pthen isanalgebraicdynamicalsystem(asstudiedUUin[@html:10  html: ],wherethenotionsbGelowarefound). The html:2G1F C cmbxti10T.$Wari>dN6लTheUUshapGeF*=fn1|s;:::;nrmgismixingfor ^ϲifforallsetsB1;:::;BrinBM۲,D"limk+B!1\  ir  `\  Tl `=1G k+Bnl(BlȲ)\!L泲=3ִr Y ´l `=18޵(BlȲ):<6लTheshapGeF~isaminimalnon-mixingshapefor iifF~isnon-mixingbutanysubset 6ofkF/ismixing.AkshapGeisadmissableifitdoesnotlieonalineinZ^d,q3itcontains60,UUandforanyk>1theset 1&fekk 'KScontainsnon-integralpGoints.BF*or(thelastmixingpropGerty,take(d'x=2forsimplicityandlet bGeameasure-6preservingY:Z^2|s-actionon(X:;BM۵;)Y:asbGefore.}uAnorientedlinethroughtheoriginin6Z^2J=isahalf-linestartingattheorigin.&AnorientedconeC%1=(`1|s;`2)inZ^2isthe6regionbGetweenanorderedpair(`1|s;`2)oforientedhalflines,?includingtheedges.6Noticethatif`1C=`2thenthecone(`1|s;`2)comprisesexactlyahalf-line.^]Thecone6de ned%bynolinesisallofZ^2|s.Givenacollectionf`j6gofhalf-lines,Z thereisan6assoGciatedcollectionoforientedconesfCj6gwhereCjğistheconeassociatedtothe6orderedUUpair(`j6;`jg+1V)(iftherearenlines,withjk+81reducedmoGdn). IBTheeZ^2|s-action nismixingofallordersintheorientedconeCsifforeveryr(c16andUUallsetsB1|s;:::;BrinBM۲,html: html:鍍flimVMQnja2CYand+Jnj!1for 1jgrص\  ir  `\  Tl `=1G :(nZcmr51 +n2+ +nlұ)@U(BlȲ)\!z"M=3ִr Y ´l `=18޵(BlȲ):6ल(1)6टhtml: html: }rTheoremT1.1.G0': cmti10IfյSRbisanyadmissableshap}'e,ɑthenthereisanalgebraicZ^d-actionforwhichSgisaminimalnon-mixingshap}'e.i html: 9TheoremT1.2.GIf isanalgebr}'aicZ^d-actionforwhicheveryshapeismixing,Gthen is@mixingofallor}'ders.E Ingeneral,ameasure-preservingZ^d-actionforwhicheveryshap}'eismixingcanberigid. Notice4thatthenotionofmixingshapGesstillmakessenseford=1,;3and4thereitisUUnotclearwhetheringeneralallshapGesmixingimpliesmixingofallorders. F*orthenexttheorem,'noticethatifanaction ismixingofallordersintheoriented&aconesassoGciatedtoafamilyoflinesL,/thenthesameistrueofanylargerfamilyL^0k(L. XItfollowsthattheob8jectofinterestisthesmallestsetoflinesforwhichqthepropGertyholds."Examplesrelatedtoparts(b)and(c)ofTheoremhtml:1.3  html:areUUgivenbGelow(Examplehtml:3.5  html:).html: html: TheoremT1.3.GL}'etz beamixingalgebraicZ^2|s-actiononthecompactabeliangroupX.3Thenther}'eisacollectionL=f`j6gofhalf-linesinZ^2withthepropertythat isTmixingofallor}'dersintheorientedconesassociatedtothefamilyoflines.Mor}'eover," (a)ifX\isc}'onnectedthenLmayb}'etakentobeempty; qDz(b)if aisexp}'ansivethenLmaybetakentobe nite; :(c)ify isnotexp}'ansiveandX[isnotconnected,thenthesmallestsuchsetLmayc}'ontainalinethrougheverypointinZ^2|s.|4=Thri>ee$ResultsonMixingShapes]html: html:3N6ठhtml: html: 2.Pro`ofsofTheoremshtml:1.1@ html:andhtml:1.2 html:html: html: Letf'RybGeanyring;apolynomialfڧ2RDz[u䍷11 t;:::;u䍷1K[d]f'maybewrittenP bn2SԼcnu^n; wherePOeachcnN42RǸnf0g,QQandu^nkisthemonomialu:n1l1 F:::Xu~ndd P.pThesetSZ=Supp(f)isjthesuppGortoff.\$IfR(1isanintegraldomain,!fthenthepolynomialf'isabsolutelyirreducible#|iff7 isirreducibleover#|analgebraicclosureofthe eldoffractionsofRDz.ApGolynomialisprimitiveifitssupportincludestheoriginandisnotanintegerdilateUUofanotherset. LetYv2%n eufm10Rx=Z[u䍷11 t;:::;u䍷1K[d]andRp =xFpR[u䍷11;:::;u䍷1K[d].~*F*ollowing[@html:10  html: ],~ifMisa$moGduleover$R,Xthenthedcommutingautomorphismsgivenbymultiplication by:du1|s;:::;udhaveasdualsdcommutingautomorphismofX =d8AcȍDMè,sde ninganalgebraic'Z^d-action z^3X&eufm7M kdonX.=Conversely*,any'algebraicactionisoftheform z^MforUUsomeR-moGduleM.qNoticethatanyRpR-moduleisanR-module.#ProQofTofTheoremhtml:1.1 html:.t1ThefollowingresultisprovedinSection3of[@html:4 html:]:ifthepGolynomials kf(k+B) ?!(u1|s;:::;ud)m=f(uk፱1됵;:::;ukd)^haveynoprimitiveirreduciblefactorsforanyk1(apartfromk8apGowerofp),randthe@suppGortoffT8istheadmissableshapeS,DthenS6isaminimalnon-mixingshapeforUUtheZ^d-action z^Rp2Դ=hfi. SoqitisenoughtoshowthatforanyadmissableshapGeS|thereisaprimep,andTkapGolynomialfgoverTkFpwhosesupportisSandwiththepropertythatf^(k+B)isabsolutelySirreducibleforallk1.^qByLemma3.10of[@html:4 html:](seealsoTheoremI,IGIEin[,html:3 html:]),QifOSupp(f)isadmissable,thenthereisanN(Supp8(f))withthepropGertythat aifֵf^(k+B)hasnoprimitiveirreducibledivisorsoverjcVFppfor1khN(Supp8(f)),then qf^(k+B)vhasUUnoprimitiveirreducibledivisorsforallknotapGowerofp. FixjanadmissableshapGeSwithsɐ=jSj,/anjintegraldomainRDz,andageneric IpGolynomialUhǺ2RDz[u䍷11 t;:::;u䍷1K[d]withsuppGortS.rThenhǺ=h(u)=h(u1|s;:::;ud)isapGolynomialh^(u;a)2RDz[u;a1|s;:::;asF:]inwhichthevqariablesa1|s;:::;as?allappGearwithdegreeone..BytheBertini-NoGetherTheorem(Proposition9.29in[)html:2 html:]),thereexistypGolynomialsR1|s;:::;Rt2RDz[a]withthepropertythath^(u;a^0|s)isabsolutelyirreducible ifandonlyifatleastoneofR1|s(a^0);:::;RtV(a^0) isnotzero. ,So,MiftheHpGolynomialh(u;a)isabsolutelyirreducibleoverHQ(a),thenthepolynomialsR1|s;:::;Rtmdon'tvqanishidentically*. Therefore,Ginthiscasethereexistsa^0integralsuchbthatforallbut nitelymanyprimesp,\qIhV@(u;a^0|s)isabsolutelyirreducibleoverFp -andSupp(\q^h(u;a^0|s)=S,wheregk7!gtg ͲisthecanonicalmapZ!FpR.NowconsiderthecollectionofallthepGolynomialsh^(u;a)withsupportS.@ByBertini'sTheorem(seeTheoremI.11.18of[1html:9 html:]orTheoremIX.6.17of[*html:13  html: ]), %thegenericmembGerofthislinearsystem(ofdimensiongreaterthanorequalto2)isirreducibleifandonlyifthegeneralmembGerisnotcompositewithapencil(h^ fiscompositewithapGencil [ifh^(u;a)=Pc(Q(u)) [withPX[2Q(a)[]).AssumethegeneralmemberiscompGositeՌwithapencil,andletPc()=Pލ USn% USi=0tJaiTL^i)زandՌQ(u)=P USn2S0"ٵcnu^n.G/Thenꍵh^(u;a)=Pލ USn% USi=1tJaib KP"n2S0) cnu^nbCߴiH:ͲNowcountthenumbGerofcoecientsthatmay bGedchosenfreelyinthefamily:Oinh^(u;a)thereares;{inPc(Q(u))therearen,soms=n.Ontheotherhand,thesuppGortofthefamilyPc(Q(u))hascardinalityjS0|sjO+j2S0j+ E+jnS0j where2S0p=-fnO+mjn2S0|s;m2S0g andsoon.IfjS0|sj>1,thenaitfollowsthatthecardinalityofthesuppGortofthefamilyofPc(Q(u))exceedsɵs,fwhichisimpGossible.E$IfjS0|sj<=1,thenɵQisamonomial,sotheshapGeS'"|46html: html:4GT.$Wari>dN6लisBnotadmissable,#contrarytoourassumption.]W*ededucethatthefamilyh^(u;a) 6isnotcompGositewithapencil,]andthereforeisgenericallyabsolutelyirreducible.6Now{applythebGoundN(Supp8(f))todeducethatthegenericspecializationh(u;a^0|s)6hasthepropGertythatforallbut nitelymanyprimes,CthereductionmoGdpisa6pGolynomialfNwithSupp(f)*=S$Landwithf^(k+B)absolutelyirreducibleforallkz*16notapGowerofp.Bytheremarksabove,thisshowsthatthereisanalgebraic6Z^d-actionUUforwhichSisaminimalnon-mixingshapGe.BNow xtwoadmissableshapGesSKandTc,withthepropertiesthatforalln2Z^d,6वTyP+n6S,GIandC02SN\Tc.kByCtheconstructionabGove,GIweCcan ndapolynomialf6लin3theringRwiththepropGertythat,"foragenericprimep,thereductionmoGdpof6वfiRgivesUapGolynomial\q|f linRpwhosesupportisSPandwhichhasthepropertythat q6वf^(k+B)vhasUUnoprimitiveirreduciblefactorsforknotapGowerofp.BIt.followsfromPropGosition28.9in[@html:10  html: ]thatforagenericprimep,6itheZ^d-action ݍ6व z^Rp2Դ=h'㍴f it&haseS\asitsuniqueextremalnon-mixingset(seeDe nition28.8in[@html:10  html: ]).6W*e'nowneedtoshowthat,foranappropriatechoiceoftheprimep,theshapGeTUis p6a;mixingsetfor z^Rp2Դ=h'㍴f i.=yThisisnotguaranteedbGecauseofpossiblecancellations6moGdUUp.BThefollowingexample(Example28.10(7)in[@html:10  html: ])illustratestheproblem.If6वf(u1|s;u2)u=1+u1x+u2|s,and⎵pischosentobGe2,thenf(0;0);(1;0);(0;1)g⎲isthe6uniqueUUextremalnon-mixingsetfor z^R2 =h'㍴f i_ ,buttheidentityuyǀ(18+u1S+u2|s)(1+u1)=18+u21S+u2+u1|su2|cmoGd$b26showsthatthesetf(0;0);(2;0);(0;1);(1;1)gisalsoaminimalnon-mixingsetfor6व z^R2 =h'㍴f i_ .However,J choGosingforthe xedshapeTp= af(0;0);(2;0);(0;1);(1;1)ga 6sucientlyMHlargeprimep(inthiscase,Np>2MHwillsuce),thiscancellationwillnot6oGccurUUmodpandsotheshapeTwillbemixingfor z^Rp2Դ=h'㍴f i.BSimilarly*, byyPropGosition28.9in[@html:10  html: ]iftheprimepischosenlargeenoughfor6theUUgivenshapGeTc,theshapeTwillbemixingfortheaction z^Rp2Դ=h'㍴f i./* msam10b6ProQofTofTheoremhtml:1.2 html:.uղThe rstpartfollowsfromcharacterisationsofhigher-6orderwmixingandmixingshapGesforalgebraicdynamicalsystemsinSections27and628UUof[@html:10  html: ].BBefore7turningtothesecondpartofTheoremhtml:1.2  html:,=weassemblesomebasicfacts6abGout(Gaussianprocesses(seeforinstance[)html:12  html: ]).ATheentropy(ofad-dimensional6GaussianproGcesshasbeencomputedin[1html:8 html:].T$De neameasurespaceby( ;F0|s)D=6टQ@Rmn2ZdT(R;BM۲)whereB<|istheBorel[ٲ-algebraonR.=Letn(!)bGethenthcoordi- 6nateof!¸2P .iLetbGeaprobabilitymeasureon( ;F0|s)withthepropertythat6forCanykP-tupleofintegervectorsn1|s;:::;nkjӲofthekP-dimensionalrandomvqariable6(n1 n<;:::;nk ;)`isakP-dimensionalGaussianlaw,qandthejointdistributionissta- p6tionaryRMinthesensethat^(n1 +m;::: ;nk_+m)Dg=l^(n1 ;::: ;nk_))FƲforanym2Z^d.hLetF6लdenoteklthecompletionofF0߲under. Then( ;F9;;fngn2Zd%)klisad-dimensional *6Gaussianstationarysequence.AssumethatEfng=0foreachn2Z^d.The6covqariance`functionRD:m}Z^d /!C`maybGeexpressedintermsofa(symmetric)6spGectralmeasureonT^dviaKhinchine'sdecomposition, RDz(n) =Efn+m.9mg= 26टīRj=O1 #;0B¸O]īRjV1 #T0\.׵e^2@Li(n1 s1+ +nd2Ҵsd)Mȥ(ds1':::|jdsd):xConversely*,Qifisasymmetric nitemea- 6sureonT^d,thenthereisauniqued-dimensionalGaussianstationarysequence6whoseUUspGectralmeasureis.C|4=Thri>ee$ResultsonMixingShapes]html: html:5NBAssoGciatedvtoanyGaussianstationarysequenceoftheabovevformthereisa 6measure-preservingZ^d-action z,de nedbytheshifton .+Standardapproximation6arguments(see[)html:12  html: ])givethefollowing.TLetCHdenotetheclassoffunctionsfڧ: !6CwiththepropGertythatf(![ٲ)^=Fc(m1 ꭲ(!);:::;mt U (!))forsomem1|s;:::;mt1.2  html:,wesimplycheck6thatasimplemoGdi cationoftheconstructionofF*erenciandKaminskiin[;html:1 html:]has6the0statedpropGerties.e[Choose0Q-independentnumbGers1; 1|s;:::; d,7andletf(t)=6( 1|st;:::; dt)Jf(moGd1)fort2TJftheadditivecircle.Let{:T^dpʸ!T^dbeJftheinvolution6व{(t1|s;:::;td)ۅ=(1rt1;:::;1td),$and1letbGeLebesguemeasureonT^d.cZDe ne 6avsymmetric,~singular,continuousmeasureonT^d 7byg= 111&fes2 b?f^1+8({f)^1 tbcڵ: v6लLetD #bGetheGaussianZ^d-actionwithspectralmeasure.^Thecovqariancefunction6isUUgivenbyhtml: html:LFdRDz(n)=<$KsinAi(2[ٲ(n1|s 1S+8g+8nd d))KwfetZ (֍ 2[ٲ(n1|s 1S+8g+8nd d)yص:6ल(2)r6ChoGoseasequencenjR=I(n:(jg)l1 v;:::;n:(jg)6d)!1forwhichn:(jg)l1 v 1録+mٲ+mn:(jg)6d dX!06asejs!d1.ThenRDz(nj6)!1asjs!1.Itfollowsthatthe2t-dimensionalrandom6GaussianUUvectornj6(![ٲ)=b\om1 ꭲ(!);:::;mt U (!);m1 nj+(!);:::;mtQ}njX(!)b6लhascovqariancematrix\"doV:8(jg)l00%qVV:8(jg)l10 boV:8(jg)l01%qVV:8(jg)l117=\#=˔,#whereV:8(jg)l00v=V:8(jg)l11ƪisthecovqariancematrixVЍ6लofUU(8m1 ꭲ(![ٲ);:::;mt U (!))^ ,UUandV:8(jg)l01has(p;q[ٲ)thentryx/7Efmp 6amqVnjag=RDz(mp28mqu+nj6)!R(mp28mqj)K6asjY!1byourchoiceofnj6.RThusV:8(jg)l01v!V8; similarlyV:(jg)l10v!V.RBytheremark 6abGove,UUthisshowsthat( nj C}(A)8\A))!(A)UUforallA2F9,UUso ^ϲisrigid.BLetӟSZ=fn1|s;:::;nrmg,andde nearandomvectorofdimensionr|5vtby k됲(![ٲ)=6टb;umi*k+Bnj(![ٲ)ji=1;:::;t;jY=1;:::;rGb|:ȱThisvectorisGaussianwithzeromean6andUUcovqariancematrixꍍVk=X26fi4z qĵV^811vk#V^812vk>:::UQV^81rvkԍQŲ.Q.Q.\.\.\. y-V^8r71vk$LV^8r72vk>:::UܺV^8r7rvkXfM3fM7fifM5n;$56लwhereUUV1ɍ8jglvk Visthet8tUUmatrixwhose(p;q[ٲ)thelementis덑Klv:[ٱ(jT;l `)(p;q@L))(kP)=E>5bӌmp2Էk+BnjomqVk+BnlbbU+β=\(. SRDz(mp28mqj)if_jY=lfc SRDz(mp28mqu+knlJknj6)if_jY6=l2`:]{|46html: html:6GT.$Wari>dN6लNotice|thatV0C=V1ɍ8jgjvk isthecovqariancematrixof(n1 n<;:::;ntؙ).IF*orjY6=l2`,itisclear 6fromUU(html:2 html:)that ƍlimæʹk+B!1ٮϵv:[ٱ(jT;l `)(p;q@L))(kP)=0;{6लsoUUthatꍍlimȨk+B!1ЪVk=T2666fi4z qĵV0 lp02T:::L0 0ÌV02T:::L0ԍ3x.7\m.;?. 0 lp02T:::IjV0Tgk3gk7gk7gk7figk5p:"J6लItUUfollowsthat ^ϲismixingforallshapGes.P6ट X+html: html: 93.Pro`ofofTheoremhtml:1.3@ html:html: html: As4intheproGofofTheoremhtml:1.1  html:,;8the(countable)dualgroupM=x䍑^5bX is4amodule IoverUUtheringR=Z[u䍷11 t;u䍷12]. F*ollowing-[5html:11  html: ],cexpandingthecharacteristicfunctionsofthesetsappGearingin(html:1 html:)NasF*ourierseriesonX0showsthatpropGerty(html:1 html:)isequivqalenttothefollowing:forUUanynon-zerorG-tuple(m1|s;:::;mrm)2M^r,UUhtml: html:32Ipun1 n html: 9LemmaT3.1.?Thefollowingc}'onditionsareequivalent:8(i) z^M x$ismixing. qDz(ii) ^ zMn x$iser}'godicforeveryn6=0.(iii)Noprimeide}'alassociatedwiththemoduleMcontainsapolynomialoftheformu^m(u^n)wher}'eiscyclotomic.MLProQof.$SeeUUPropGosition6.6(3)in[@html:10  html: ]_html: html: LemmaT3.2.?Thefollowingc}'onditionsareequivalent:8(i) z^M x$ismixingofallor}'dersintheconeCW. a qDz(ii)F;oreveryprimeide}'alpassociatedwithM, z^R=pgIismixingofallordersinthec}'oneCW.MLProQof.$This2followsfromtheproGofofTheorem2.2in[5html:11  html: ]orTheorem27.2in[@html:10 html:]by7 html: 9LemmaT3.3.?IfX(^=_|X^M isc}'onnected,and z^M Cismixing,then z^M Cismixingofallor}'ders.ProQof.$ThisUUisprovedUUin[5html:11  html: ].ܮ5 According}itoLemmahtml:3.2  html:,inordertoprove}iTheoremhtml:1.3 html:itissucienttoconsidermixingactionsoftheform z^R=p@onX^R=pA.IfX^R=pͨisconnected,RthenbyLemmahtml:3.3  html:UUtheaction z^R=pܲismixingofallorders,whichprovesTheoremhtml:1.3  html:(a). a AssumecLthereforethatX^R=p;isnotconnected.Itfollowsthatp^=char,(%R=p)4is Ia rationalprime.NLetRpfj=FpR[u䍷11 t;u䍷22]; then R=pbGecomesRp=qforaprimeidealv۠|4=Thri>ee$ResultsonMixingShapes]html: html:7N6qиRpR.NoticepthattheidealqmaybGef0g:inthiscasetheoriginalidealpmust d6haveL7bGeenp&Z[u䍷11 t;u䍷12].nTheL7correspondingZ^2|s-actionisthefulltwo-dimensional 6shift!+onpsymbGolswhichismixingofallorders.`dF*romnowonwethereforeassume6that.qisnon-zero.QByPropGosition25.5of[@html:10  html: ],أif isergodicthenqmustbe a6principal,so}itisenoughtoloGokatmixingZ^2|s-actionsoftheform z^Rp2Դ=hfi,where6वfڧ2RpR.aF*or%$anypGolynomialg"2RpR,.letCH(g[ٲ)denotetheconvex%$hullofSupp^ (g[ٲ).6ChoGoseDa nitesetoforientedlinesthroughtheoriginL(f)withthefollowing6propGerties:6ट!html: html: 98(i)F*oryeachextremepGointnofCH(f), thereisaline`(n)S2L(f)ysuchthatCH(f)nfngڲisentirelycontainedinoneoftheopGenhalf-planesde nedbytheUUlineparallelto`(n)throughn.html: html: q(ii)AllUUtheconesde nedbyL(f)arestrictlyacute.@[ TheUUgroupX=X^Rp2Դ=hfi~hasthefollowingform.qIffڧ=P USn2Supp(f)6xfnu^n,UUthenhtml: html:$͋XRp2Դ=hfi1A=fx2FZr2፴p jrX jn2Supp(f)+v=fnxn+mQ=02FpforUUall%&rm2Z2|sg:(4) cWhenzdescribGedinthisway*,:thezZ^2|s-action z^Rp2Դ=hfi%istheshiftontheclosedshift- 9invqariantUUsubgroupofF^Zr2፴p gde nedby(html:4 html:). html: html: LemmaT3.4.?If Cisac}'onedeterminedbythelinesL(f)and z^Rp2Դ=hfiKismixing,then z^Rp2Դ=hfi>ismixingofallor}'dersinCW.ProQof.$First5noticethatthesetSupp$(f)doGesnotlieonaline|ifitdid,thenf$wouldbGeapolynomialinasinglemonomialt#-=u^n say*.Inthiscasetheaction pofe W zRp2Դ=hfinW&isisomorphictothein nitedirectproGductofone-dimensionalsystemsdetermined9gbytheZ[t^1 t]-moGduleZ[t^1]=hp;fi:Sincetheidealhp;fiisnon-principalandZ[t^1 t](} Qisaprincipalidealdomain, thegroupZ[t^1 t]=hp;fiis nite(see*Examplesl6.17(3)in[@html:10  html: ])._Itfollowsthat W zRp2Դ=hfinIispGeriodiclandthereforecannotbGeUUmixing. Fix;theconeCW."WiththechosenorderingdescribGedinSectionhtml:1 html:,trtheconeCisGde nedbya\bGottom"half-line`1Ìanda\top"half-line`2|s.GEachpGolynomialh2Rp de neslacharacteronXa=X^Rp2Դ=hfij).TwopGolynomialsh1 andh2will 0de nenthesamecharacterifh1wh2_2chfi.Denoteby fe$h )ӲasinglecharacteronX, qandXlethdenoteanypGolynomialthatde nesthatcharacter.DsEachcharacter fe$h ]with :Supp8(h)ǸChas adistinguishedrepresentative\qe h ̶,6de ned asfollows.LetBf/ (CW)denoteBthehalf-opGenstripalongthebottom(=a`1|s)edgeofCW,}withwidthexactly \sequal:tothewidthofCH(f)inthedirectionorthogonalto`1|s."uThepGolynomial\qc|ehisUUde nedbythefollowingtwopropGerties:8(i)\qaeh&kde nesUUthecharacter fe$h L. q(ii)Supp4(\qBeh)Bf/ (CW).Z There+rissucharepresentative:\byconstructionthereisalineparallelto`1thatmeetsBSupp*(f)BinasingletonandhasthepropGertythatanyotherlineparallelto:`1~abGoveitdoGesnotmeetSupp;"(f).xwItfollowsthatifn?2Supp '(h)nBf/ (CW),-sanappropriateImultiple(oftheformcu^mfزwithcX2FpR)IoffmaybGeaddedtohtogiveh^0eDzwithnQ=5w2 Supp#N(h^09)andwiththetopedgeofSuppv(h^0)thesameasthetop|46html: html:8GT.$Wari>dN6लedge[ofSupp(h)atallpGointsotherthann.After nitelymanysuchadditions,]Lwe \s6endUUupwiththedesiredpGolynomial\q(eh L. V6html: html:claim1:qDzTheUUrepresentative\q(eh misunique.qThatis, fe ?j$h1[ײ= fe ?j$h2ifandonlyif\qu fh1=\qͫfh2 :BलT*oseethis,X rstnoticethatif\q@fh19=\qq|fQǵh2 1,then fe ?j$h19=Qǟ fe ?j$h2 1.kiNowthesetBf/ (CW)has,6bye|construction,ithefollowingpropGerty:givenanyelementy 2FBf(CY)p\,ithereisan 6element@y(^2X"suchthaty(^restrictedtoBf/ (CW)coincideswithy(.3Thisisclear 6from(8).ZIfthen\q¤fh1*Ƹ6=\qh"fHmh2 ײ,UthereisapGointnHm2Bf/ (CW)with(h1|s)nω6=Hm(h2)n;ɼchoGose6y۸2FBf(CY)pѲwithuthepropGertythatthecharactersde nedbyh1andh2di eron y6thisUUpGoint.qThen fe ?j$h1and fe ?j$h2mustdi erony(^Ȳ.BF*oracharacter fe$h 䭲withSuppI(h)C2de neanumbGerr( fe$h)byr( fe$h)=kariftheline \s6orthogonalto`2!gmostdistantfromtheoriginthatintersectsSupp(\qBeh)meets`1!gat6distanceUUkfromtheorigin.6html: html:claim2:qDzIfUUn2CW,thenrG(u^nh)>r(h):WBलThisHWisclear:HthepGolynomialu^n#۫em*hasanassociatedrepresentativehL/]HWurn#۫emC obtained6byaddingmultiplesofmonomialstimesf.]ThereisafaceofCH(f)orthogonalto6व`2|s,UUsothesuppGortoftheresultingpolynomialmovesUUfurtherawayUUfromtheorigin.BNowgconsiderpropGerty(html:3 html:).,#Letm1|s;:::;mr bGeacollectionofpolynomials,1notall6zero,withSupp (miTL)2Ceu(ifthisisnotthecase,multiplyallofthembyamonomial6u^n DtoensuretheirsuppGortsmoveintoCW).'Bythehtml:second html:claim,ifn2|s;:::;nrҸ2u0C@6लarelargeenough, ~thenforeachjh=2;:::;r>thesetSupp0(?iҷ^un1 + +nj%ٵmj8Ȳ)contains6pGointsUUnotinZPwSupp(1L^^ύurn1 n rstN; html:claim,itfollowsthatthecharacterϼun1 n3.4  html:.ˍ6ProQofTofTheoremhtml:1.3 html:.uղLetyMbGetheR-moduleassociatedtotheaction on6वX.HYAs pGointedoutabove,(html:a html:) followsfromLemmahtml:3.3  html:,sowemayassumethatXis6notAconnectedand  actsexpansively*.]ByCorollary6.13of[@html:10  html: ],#itfollowsthatthe6R-moGduleMisNoetherian, Rsothereareonly nitelymanyprimeidealsassociated6tog0M(seeTheorem6.5,kChapter2of[2html:6 html:]).YLetLbGethe nitesetoflinesgivenby6the"unionofthesetoflineschosenbGeforeLemmahtml:3.4  html:foreachoftheassoGciated6primeL?ideals.nThenanyconeCᖲde nedbyLisasub-coneofaconeinLemmahtml:3.4  html:,6soUUbyLemmahtml:3.2  html:theaction В= z^M 9ismixingofallordersinCW,proving(html:b: html:).BFinally*,UU(html:cq html:)followsfromExamplehtml:3.5  html:(html:2 html:)bGelow.6ट &html: html: ExampleT3.5.F_(html: html:1)AnexampletoillustrateTheoremhtml:1.3  html:(b)isgivenbyLedrap-pier's example['html:5 html:]forwhichtheshapGef(0;0);(0;1);(1;0)g isnon-mixing.IntheR-moGduleUUdescription,Ledrappier'sexamplecorrespondstothemoduleG<$xR0wfeC (֍h2;18+u1S+u2|siZ:ÍInthenotationofSectionhtml:3 html:,tthismeansthattheprimepis2andthepGolynomialgisi91F#+u1–+u2|s.tTheconvexhullisCH(g[ٲ)?=f(s;t)2R^2dj0s;t1;sF#+t?1gwithextremepGoints(0;0);(0;1);and(1;0).<|AsuitablesetoflinesthatsatisfypropGerties(html:i html:)and(html:ii: html:)arethe veorientedlinesthroughtheoriginandthepGoints |4=Thri>ee$ResultsonMixingShapes]html: html:9N6(1;0);(1;1);(1;1);(1;2)OXand(1;2).sNoticethattherearemanyotherpGossible 6choices,ޞthoughallofthemhaveatleast velines.!Thestatement(html:b: html:)forthis6exampleRisthenthatmixingofallordersinthesenseofequation(html:1 html:)oGccursineach6ofUUthe veassoGciatedcones.6(html: html:2)sWithouttheassumptionthatthegroupbGeconnectedorthattheactionbe6expansive,:theremaybGenoconesinwhichmixingofallorderscanoGccur.An6exampletoshowthisstartsagainwithLedrappier'sexample['html:5 html:]forwhichthe6shapGef(0;0);(0;1);(1;0)gisnon-mixing,*dandapplieslinearmapsinZ^2toproGduce6similar=examplesforwhichanygiventriangleisanon-mixingshapGe.4Sinceanycone6subtendingapGositiveanglecontainssometriangle,theproGductofthese(countably6many)UUexamplesgivestherequiredexample.qLet$^LGM=M ja2Znf0g;b2Z<$aaR4C4wfea3 Vh2;18+u:al1pu:bl2S+u:al1u䍴b+12$GiT:E 6लThenBtheZ^2|s-actioncorrespGondingtothemoduleMisnotmixingontheshapes6सf(0;0);(a;b);(a;b_+1)gforeacha6=0,%b2Z.^Itfollowsthat z^M QcannotbGemixing6ofUUallordersinanyconesubtendingapGositiveangle.6ट=html: html: 94.Remarkshtml: html: I,Xthank,bProf.d!F*riedforpGointingout[)html:2 html:]andtheconnectionbetween,btheBertini-NoGetherOTheoremandirreducibility*.oTheGaussianconstructionaboveOisbasedonthatofF*erenciandKamiGnski,whousedittoexhibitarigidZ^2|s-actioneachofwhoseelementshisaBernoullishift;riIhthankProf.KamiGnskiforshowingmeapreprintofthe^vpapGer[;html:1 html:].+MixingpropertiesinthepositivequadrantandtheirrelationshiptomixingUUpropGertiesofacompleteZ^2|s-actionarediscussedin[/html:7 html:].Lhtml: html: References:html: html: @[1]xS.FJerenciandB.Kaminski,Zero2entropyanddirectionalBernoulp[licityofaGaussianZ-:2xaction,XPro html:@[2]xM.D.XFJriedandM.Jarden,Field~Arithmetic,Springer,Berlin,1986.+html: html:@[3]xE.Gourin,#On-irreduciblepolynomialsinseveralvariableswhichbecomereduciblewhenthe xvariablesarereplacedbypowersofthemselves, TJransactionsoftheAmer.Math.So html:@[4]xB.haKitcÎhensandK.Schmidt,#Mixingsetsandrelativeentropiesforhigher{dimensionalxMarkov~shifts,XErgo html:@[5]xF.xLedrappier,KUnvchampmarkovienpeutH^ԟetrevd'entropienulp[leetmԟelangeant,KComptesxRen-xdusXAcad.Sci.PÎaris287(1978),561{562.1html: html:@[6]xH.XMatsumÎura,Commutative~RingTheory,XCambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,1986..html: html:@[7]xG.1+MorrisandT.WJard,H Agnotegonmixingpropertiesgofinvertibleextensions,Acta.1+Math. xUniv.XComenianae67(1997).0html: html:@[8]xT. delaRue,Entropied'unsystԟemedynamiquegaussien:casd'uneactiondeZ-:d덹,Comptes xRendusXAcad.Sci.PÎaris317(1993),191{194.0html: html:@[9]xA.lScÎhinzel,SelectedTWwopicsonPolynomials,UnivÎersitylofMicÎhiganPress,AnnArb html:[10]xK.XScÎhmidt,Dynamical~SystemsofAlgebraicOrigin,XBirkhauser,Basel,1995.4html: html:[11]xK. aScÎhmidtandT.WJard,3MixingVautomorphismsofcompactVgroupsandatheoremofSchlick- xewei,XInÎventionesMath.111(1993),69{76.(html: html:[12]xH.XTJotoki,Ergodic~Theory,XAarhÎusUniversityLectureNotes14(1969).)html: html:[13]xA.TWJeil,tFWwoundationsofAlgebraicGeometry,tAmericanTMathematicalSo html:10GT.$Wari>dNBhtml: html:School#ofMauUthematics,#UniversityofEastAnglia,NorGwichNR47TJ,U.K. Bहt.wÎard@uea.ac.uk6html: html:;|4 3X&eufm72%n eufm101F C cmbxti100': cmti10/K`yff cmdunh10-qymsbm7, msbm10* msam10)f$cmbx7("V cmbx10&- cmcsc10%N cmbx12$XQ cmr12#Nff cmbx12!#fcmti82@cmbx8fcmcsc8q% cmsy6K cmsy8;cmmi62cmmi8Aacmr6|{Ycmr8 !", cmsy10 O!cmsy7 0ncmsy5 b> cmmi10 0ercmmi7O \cmmi5K`y cmr10ٓRcmr7Zcmr5u cmex10